Food

 This is a time line from the 1860s-1869s. These different kinds of foods were made in the 1860s. At the bottom of the time line is a website to find the all the foods from the time line.You can learn how to make it the way in the old days. In th days now we have eggs and milk, but in the old days they don't use it because sometimes they don't have what they need so they use what they have. You can find some foods that you can feed your baby. The baby food they feed sometimes be heathly. You can make a lot of food for a week. Sometimes the kids are alone and have nothing to eat. These recipes are easy to make and are delicious. writen by-Kiara Jones

[|fish & chips]---1860--- [|cranberries in Wisconsin]---1860---

[|Vernor's Ginger Ale]---1862---

[|breakfast cereal]---1863---

[|Conversation Hearts]---1866--- [|Underwood Deviled Ham]---1867--- [|synthetic baby food]---1867--- [|Tabasco sauce]---1868--- [|Fleischmann's Yeast]---1868--- [|Campbell's Soup]---1869--- [|fish & chips]---1860--- [|cranberries in Wisconsin]---1860---

[|Vernor's Ginger Ale]---1862---

[|breakfast cereal]---1863---

[|Conversation Hearts]---1866--- [|Underwood Deviled Ham]<span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1867--- [|synthetic baby food]<span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1867--- [|Tabasco sauce]<span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1868--- [|Fleischmann's Yeast]<span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1868--- [|Campbell's Soup]<span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1869--- ---1860--- [|Cakes] & [| plum puddings], //Godey's Lady's Book// <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1860s--- [|Baked Alaska] & [|ice tea] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1861--- Charles Elme Francatelli's [|Baked Goose] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1861--- [|//Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management//] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1861--- [|Beef Stroganoff] & [| popcorn balls] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1861-1865--- [|hardtack] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1863--- [|//Confederate Receipt Book//], Richmond VA <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1863--- [|fruit salad] & [|Mock apple pie] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1864--- Sanderson's [|//Complete Confectioner//] & [|//Complete Cook//] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1864--- [|Apple Crisp & Apple Brown Betty] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1865--- Mrs. Goodfellow's [| //Cookery as it should be//] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1866--- [|//The National Cookbook//], Hannah Peterson <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1868--- [|//The Dominion Home Cookbook//], Toronto <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1869--- [|parfait] & [|Chateaubriand] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1869--- [|//Wright's book of 3000 practical receipts//] <span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">---1869--- [|Pickled limes], //Little Women

Found by Kindra and Kiara http://www.foodtimeline.org/index.html This is a picture of the Civil War people making food and getting food. Found by, Lizette// found by:kindra and kiara <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">**1860** M.L. Byrn patented a new and improved corkscrew. <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">**1860** M.L. Byrn patented a new and improved corkscrew.
 * [[image:http://historiccamdencounty.com/cc112_hardtack.jpg width="120" height="90" align="middle"]] ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 0);">Hardtack ||
 * [[image:http://historiccamdencounty.com/cc112_gingerbread.jpg width="120" height="90" align="middle"]] ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 0);">Gingerbread ||
 * [[image:http://historiccamdencounty.com/cc112_applesauce.jpg width="120" height="90" align="middle"]] ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 0);">Applesauce Cookies ||
 * [[image:http://historiccamdencounty.com/cc112_idiotscake.jpg width="120" height="90" align="middle"]] ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 0);">Idiot's Cake ||
 * [[image:http://historiccamdencounty.com/cc112_cornmuffins.jpg width="120" height="90" align="middle"]] ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 0);">Corn Muffins ||
 * [[image:http://historiccamdencounty.com/cc112_lincolncake.jpg width="120" height="90" align="middle"]] ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 0);">Lincoln Cake ||
 * [[image:http://historiccamdencounty.com/cc112_orangecake.jpg width="120" height="90" align="middle"]] ||
 * || =<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">FOOD HISTORY TIMELINE <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">1860 to 1869 - <span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; background-color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">[|Next] =
 * 1860** Farmers made up 58 percent of the labor force.
 * 1860** The first Pony Express mail delivery service by horse and rider between St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California began. The 1,800 mile run took 10 days.
 * 1860** Will Kieth Kellogg was born. Founded Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Co. (W.K. Kellogg Company) to manufacture cereals (cornflakes were the first) developed by his brother John Harvey Kellogg.
 * 1860** The first Pony Express mail delivery service by horse and rider between St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California was completed. The 1,800 mile run took 10 days.
 * 1860** Mary Jane Rathbun was born. A marine zoologist and crustacean expert.
 * 1860** Charles Goodyear died. He invented the process named 'vulcanization' which made the commercial use of rubber possible. Vulcanized rubber didn't become brittle in winter and turn gummy in summer as natural rubber did.
 * 1860** Chapin Aaron Harris died. He was cofounder of the first dental school in the world, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery.
 * 1861** David Wesson was born. Wesson was an American chemist and in 1900 he developed a method to make pure cotton seed oil palatable, and formed the Southern Oil Company. Wesson Oil was the first vegetable oil used in the U.S. Cotton seed oil is noted for its lack of taste, which allows the flavors of foods to come through. It is used in margarines, salad dressings, and in commercially fried foods.
 * 1861** Samuel Slocum died. He invented a machine to make pins with solid heads and a machine for sticking the pins in a paper holder for sale.
 * 1861** John Stevens Henslow died. This British clergyman and botanist was a mentor of Charles Darwin. To get farmers to apply scientific methods, he gave lectures on the fermentation of manure. He also showed Irish farmers how to get starch from rotten potatoes during the potato famine of 1845-1846.
 * 1861** Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins was born. He discovered what we now call 'vitamins,' essential nutrients needed to maintain health.
 * 1861** The first U.S. national income tax is passed to aid the Union war effort.
 * 1861** William Wrigley, Jr. was born. William Wrigley Jr. started out as a traveling salesman at the age of 13, selling soap for his father's company. He had a series of sales jobs, one which gave chewing gum as a premium. Customers liked the gum better than the product, so he was soon marketing his own gum, Juicy Fruit in 1893, and later that year Wrigley's Spearmint. He was an advertising genius, and his company became one of the largest advertisers in the U.S., and the largest chewing gum manufacturer in the world.
 * 1861** The first transcontinental telegraph was completed and went into operation. Within days the Pony Express ceased operations.
 * 1861** or 1864 George Washington Carver was Born. African American botanist, educator, agricultural chemist and innovator. He developed hundreds of uses for peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes. He established the George Washington Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee, for agricultural research.
 * 1862** The U.S. Bureau of Agriculture was established. It became the USDA (Department of Agriculture) in 1889.
 * 1862** The Cafe du Monde opened in the French Market of New Orleans.
 * 1862** First large vineyards planted in California. Agoston Haraszthy de Mokcsa brought 1,400 varieties of grapevines from Europe to California in 1862, and planted the first large vineyard in California in the Sonoma Valley. After the phyloxera blight destroyed much of Europe’s vineyards, some of these same vines, now on resistant root stock, helped save the European wine industries.
 * 1862** John D. Lynde of Philadelphia patented the first aerosol dispenser
 * 1862** Henry David Thoreau died. American author, philosopher, and naturalist. Author of **'Walden; or, Life in the Woods.'**
 * 1862** President Lincoln signed the Homestead Act into law. It opened millions of acres Western land to settlers.
 * 1862** W.H. Fancher and C.M. French patented a combined plow and gun.
 * 1862** The first Land Grant Act was passed. Public lands were sold for agricultural education. This was the start of many state universities.
 * 1862** Dr. Alexander P. Anderson was born. He developed Puffed Rice in NYC in 1902, which was introduced to the world at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904.
 * 1863** Daniel Freeman is the first to submit a claim under the new Homestead Act, for 160 acres near Beatrice, Nebraska.
 * 1863** James Plimpton of New York patented 4 wheeled roller skates.
 * 1863** London's Metropolitan, the first underground passenger railroad opened at 6 a.m.
 * 1863** Women rioted in Salisbury, North Carolina, to protest the lack of flour and salt in the Confederacy.
 * 1863** Women rioted in Salisbury, North Carolina, to protest the lack of flour and salt in the Confederacy.
 * 1863** THE RICHMOND BREAD RIOTS. Shortages of food caused hundreds of angry women gathered in Richmond, Virginia to march on the governor's office and then on the government commissary to demand bread. It ended in a riot when they broke into the commissary and then other shops & buildings and carried out anything they could carry. Even the hospital reported losing over 300 pounds of beef. Arrests were made, but at the request of authorities, the newspapers downplayed the incident, and records were later destroyed when the Confederate government fled and burned much of the town behind them.
 * 1863** Curtis Fletcher Marbut was born. American geologist and one of the founders of modern soil science. He was with the U.S. Bureau of Soils for 25 years.
 * 1863** Abraham Lincoln declared that Thanksgiving Day would be an annual event celebrated on the last Thursday in November.
 * 1863** J.T. Alden was issued a patent for an improved method of manufacturing dried yeast.
 * 1863** Leo Hendrik Baekeland was born. He was a chemist who invented Bakelite, the first plastic that did not soften when heated. Those black plastic knobs on stoves were made of bakelite.
 * 1863** Thanksgiving was first celebrated as a regular American Holiday.
 * 1863** Richard Warren Sears was born. He developed his mail-order jewelry business (1886) into the Sears Roebuck & Company. By 1894 the Sears catalog was 507 pages.
 * 1863** Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought the Amsterdam brewery, 'The Haystack', which dated back to 1592. This was the beginning of Heineken beer.
 * 1863** Frederick Walton of London patented Linoleum. The standard kitchen flooring.
 * 1863** Granula, probably the first breakfast cereal is introduced. It was created by Dr. James C. Jackson of Dansville, N.Y.
 * 1863** US Department of Agriculture created Massachusetts Agricultural College (University of Massachusetts)
 * 1864** Work began on a 2 mile long, 5 foot diameter, water supply tunnel for Chicago. It was completed in 1867.
 * 1864** John Jacob Astor IV born. Great grandson of John Jacob Astor, who founded the family fortune. John Jacob IV built the Astoria section of what would become the Waldorf Astoria Hotel (1897) in New York city (this was on the site where the Empire State building would be built in 1929). He also built the Knickerbocker and the St. Regis hotels. He died on the Titanic.
 * 1864** Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was born. French artist who documented Parisian night life in the 1890s with his insightful posters.
 * 1864** John Fowler died. An English Engineer, he invented the steam-hauled plow and several other special use plows.
 * 1864** or 1861 George Washington Carver was Born. African American botanist, educator, agricultural chemist and innovator. He developed hundreds of uses for peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes. He established the George Washington Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee, for agricultural research.
 * 1865** A horse meat banquet is held at the Grand Hotel in Paris.
 * 1865** Cornell University was chartered. Cornell is an agricultural land grant university endowed by Ezra Cornell, one of the founders of Western Union Telegraph Co. Today, Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, offers many programs, including Agricultural and Life Sciences, Hotel Administration, and Nutritional Sciences.
 * 1865** Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Jane Cochran) was born. In 1889 Bly successfully completed an attempt to beat the record of Jules Verne's fictional Phileas Fogg to go **'Around the World in Eighty Days'**. Bly was a U.S. newspaper reporter and completed the journey in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes and 14 seconds.
 * 1865** Edmund Ruffin died. He was a pioneer in the study of soil chemistry in the U.S.
 * 1865** William Sheppard of New York City received a patent for liquid soap.
 * 1865** Prosper Montagne was born.Montagne was one of the great French chefs of all time. He is mainly remembered as the creator of **Larousse Gastronomique** (1938), a comprehensive encyclopedia of French gastronomy.
 * 1865** James H. Mason received the first U.S. patent for a coffee percolator.
 * 1866** Charles Elmer Hires invents root beer.
 * 1866** Eighteen year old Jack Newton Daniel established his distillery in Tennessee.
 * 1866** The indelible pencil is patented by Edson P. Clark of Northhampton, Massachusetts. This was the equivalent of the ball point pen of the time. It was non-erasable, and you didn’t need an ink well. Used for bills, prices, etc., you could also place a damp sheet of tissue paper over the writing to get a mirror image. It must have been time consuming to get a receipt from a restaurant.
 * 1866** Beatrix Potter was born. English author of children's books, her first and most famous story is **'The Tale of Peter Rabbit,'** originally written as an illustrated letter to a sick child.
 * 1866** The metric system was authorized to standardize weights and measures in the U.S. (Authorized, yes, but we still don't use it very much).
 * 1866** J. Osterhoudt patented the first tin can with a key opener.
 * 1866** The 2 mile long, 5 foot diameter Chicago Lake Tunnel was completed. It was the first water supply tunnel for a U.S. city.
 * 1866** Gregor (Johann) Mendel published his work on the laws of heredity. Mendel was an Austrian botanist whose work was the foundation of the science of genetics. He worked mainly with garden peas (some 28,000 plants over 7 years).
 * 1867** Patrons of Husbandry, later known as the National Grange, was organized by USDA employee. This was the first general farmers organization to permit women equality of membership and privilege.
 * 1867** The Kansas Pacific Railroad reached Abilene, Kansas. Cattle drives from Texas begin.
 * 1867** Lillian D. Wald was born. She was a scientist and nurse, and among her activities, she helped initiate the enactment of pure food laws in the U.S.
 * 1867** Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge died. A German chemist who developed a method for obtaining sugar from beet juice.
 * 1867** The 2 mile long, 5 foot diameter Chicago Lake Tunnel was activated. It was the first water supply tunnel for a U.S. city.
 * 1867** At the Cafe Anglais Chef Adolphe Duglere served the famous 'Dinner of the Three Emperors,' for Tsar Alexander II of Russia, his son (later to become tsar Alexander III) and King William I of Prussia. The table service used for the dinner is still on display at the oldest existing restaurant in Paris, La Tour d'Argent.
 * 1867** Barbed wire was patented by Lucien B Smith of Kent, Ohio
 * 1867** Reinforced concrete was patented by F. Joseph Monier. He was a Paris gardener, and developed reinforced concrete to use in garden tubs, beams and posts.
 * 1867** Harvard School of Dental Medicine was founded in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the first dental school in the U.S.
 * 1867** Charles Francis Jenkins was born. An inventor who is best known as an early television pioneer. Among his many inventions was a cone-shaped drinking cup.
 * 1867** Maximilian Bircher-Benner was born. He was a Swiss doctor who developed the cereal product 'Muesli,' which is similar to Granola.
 * 1867** Leon Daudet was born. French journalist and novelist, well known gastronome of his time.
 * 1867** J.B. Sutherland patented the refrigerated railroad car.
 * 1867** Joseph C. Gayetty of New York City supposedly invented toilet paper in 1857.
 * 1868** William Davis, a Detroit, Michigan fish dealer, received a patent for a refrigerator car ('ice box on wheels'). He also designed the first refrigerated railway car.
 * 1868** Charles Darwin's **'Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication.'** was published.
 * 1868** C.H. Gould of Birminghom, England patented a stapler. (Countless staplers have been patented).
 * 1868** Kit Carson, American frontiersman, died. His last words were supposedly "Wish I had time for just one more bowl of chili."
 * 1868** Christopher Nathan Sholes of Wisconsin patented a mechanical writing machine, called a type-writer. It was as large as a desk, made of black walnut and had black and white keys. He signed a deal with the Remington Arms company for its manufacture in 1873. It was Remington who turned it into a more practical machine. Chefs could now type their recipes so others could read them. (Only Doctors have more illegible handwriting than Chefs).
 * 1869** The first batch of Tabasco Sauce was shipped from Avery Island, Louisiana.
 * 1869** The removable steel plow blade is invented by James Oliver.
 * 1869** John Wesley Hyatt patented celluloid, the first synthetic plastic.
 * 1869** David Grandison Fairchild was born. An American botanist and agriculturalist, he was responsible for introducing many useful plants to the U.S. Author of **'The World Was My Garden,'** and **'Exploring for Plants'.**
 * 1869** The first American patent for a sweeping machine was issued to Ives W. McGaffney of Chicago.
 * 1869** Charles Elmer Hires sells his first root beer, in Philadelphia.
 * 1869** Frozen food was shipped long distance for the first time. Frozen Texas beef shipped by steamship to New Orleans.
 * 1869** Joseph Dixon died. An American inventor and manufacturer. Among his many accomplishments, he produced the first pencil made in the U.S.
 * 1869** Agoston Haraszthy de Mokcsa died. Agoston Haraszthy de Mokcsa imported 1,400 varieties of grapevines to California in 1862 and planted the first large vineyard in California in the Sonoma Valley. After the devastating phylloxera blight decimated the European vineyards, some of these same vines, now on resistant American root stock, helped rescue the European vineyards.
 * 1869** Henry Tibbe invented the corncob pipe. The pipe was made from a white kernel corn that was used to make taco and tortilla flour. (But can you roll a cigar with a taco wrapper?)
 * 1869** Hippolyte Mege Mouries patented margarine. Emperor Napoleon III had offered a prize for a suitable substitute for butter, for use by the French Navy.
 * 1869** Cornelius Swarthout received the first U.S. patent for a waffle Iron.
 * 1869** Mary Mallon was born. 'Typhoid Mary' was an infamous household cook who was responsible for major outbreaks of typhoid in the New York City area in 1904, 1907, and 1914. She was immune to typhoid herself, but was a carrier of the bacillus, and spread it wherever she worked as a household cook.
 * 1869** The Suez Canal opened, linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.
 * 1869** The 3 masted clipper ship 'Cutty Sark' was launched at Dunbarton, Scotland. It was one of the last to be built and is the only one surviving today. It is 212 feet long and 36 feet wide. It was initially used in the English/Chinese tea trade. Fully restored in 1957, it is in dry berth in Greenwich, London as a sailing museum.
 * 1869** William Finley Semple patented the first chewing gum, although he never commercially manufactured any gum.
 * 1869** Joseph Campbell, a fruit merchant, and Abram Anderson, an icbox maker got together to can tomatoes, vegetables, fruit preserves, etc. This was the beginning of the Campbell Soup Company.
 * 1869** Beer was first sold in bottles by English brewer Francis Manning-Needham. ||
 * || =<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">FOOD HISTORY TIMELINE <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">1860 to 1869 - <span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; background-color: rgb(153, 255, 255);">[|Next] =
 * 1860** Farmers made up 58 percent of the labor force.
 * 1860** The first Pony Express mail delivery service by horse and rider between St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California began. The 1,800 mile run took 10 days.
 * 1860** Will Kieth Kellogg was born. Founded Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Co. (W.K. Kellogg Company) to manufacture cereals (cornflakes were the first) developed by his brother John Harvey Kellogg.
 * 1860** The first Pony Express mail delivery service by horse and rider between St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California was completed. The 1,800 mile run took 10 days.
 * 1860** Mary Jane Rathbun was born. A marine zoologist and crustacean expert.
 * 1860** Charles Goodyear died. He invented the process named 'vulcanization' which made the commercial use of rubber possible. Vulcanized rubber didn't become brittle in winter and turn gummy in summer as natural rubber did.
 * 1860** Chapin Aaron Harris died. He was cofounder of the first dental school in the world, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery.
 * 1861** David Wesson was born. Wesson was an American chemist and in 1900 he developed a method to make pure cotton seed oil palatable, and formed the Southern Oil Company. Wesson Oil was the first vegetable oil used in the U.S. Cotton seed oil is noted for its lack of taste, which allows the flavors of foods to come through. It is used in margarines, salad dressings, and in commercially fried foods.
 * 1861** Samuel Slocum died. He invented a machine to make pins with solid heads and a machine for sticking the pins in a paper holder for sale.
 * 1861** John Stevens Henslow died. This British clergyman and botanist was a mentor of Charles Darwin. To get farmers to apply scientific methods, he gave lectures on the fermentation of manure. He also showed Irish farmers how to get starch from rotten potatoes during the potato famine of 1845-1846.
 * 1861** Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins was born. He discovered what we now call 'vitamins,' essential nutrients needed to maintain health.
 * 1861** The first U.S. national income tax is passed to aid the Union war effort.
 * 1861** William Wrigley, Jr. was born. William Wrigley Jr. started out as a traveling salesman at the age of 13, selling soap for his father's company. He had a series of sales jobs, one which gave chewing gum as a premium. Customers liked the gum better than the product, so he was soon marketing his own gum, Juicy Fruit in 1893, and later that year Wrigley's Spearmint. He was an advertising genius, and his company became one of the largest advertisers in the U.S., and the largest chewing gum manufacturer in the world.
 * 1861** The first transcontinental telegraph was completed and went into operation. Within days the Pony Express ceased operations.
 * 1861** or 1864 George Washington Carver was Born. African American botanist, educator, agricultural chemist and innovator. He developed hundreds of uses for peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes. He established the George Washington Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee, for agricultural research.
 * 1862** The U.S. Bureau of Agriculture was established. It became the USDA (Department of Agriculture) in 1889.
 * 1862** The Cafe du Monde opened in the French Market of New Orleans.
 * 1862** First large vineyards planted in California. Agoston Haraszthy de Mokcsa brought 1,400 varieties of grapevines from Europe to California in 1862, and planted the first large vineyard in California in the Sonoma Valley. After the phyloxera blight destroyed much of Europe’s vineyards, some of these same vines, now on resistant root stock, helped save the European wine industries.
 * 1862** John D. Lynde of Philadelphia patented the first aerosol dispenser
 * 1862** Henry David Thoreau died. American author, philosopher, and naturalist. Author of **'Walden; or, Life in the Woods.'**
 * 1862** President Lincoln signed the Homestead Act into law. It opened millions of acres Western land to settlers.
 * 1862** W.H. Fancher and C.M. French patented a combined plow and gun.
 * 1862** The first Land Grant Act was passed. Public lands were sold for agricultural education. This was the start of many state universities.
 * 1862** Dr. Alexander P. Anderson was born. He developed Puffed Rice in NYC in 1902, which was introduced to the world at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904.
 * 1863** Daniel Freeman is the first to submit a claim under the new Homestead Act, for 160 acres near Beatrice, Nebraska.
 * 1863** James Plimpton of New York patented 4 wheeled roller skates.
 * 1863** London's Metropolitan, the first underground passenger railroad opened at 6 a.m.
 * 1863** Women rioted in Salisbury, North Carolina, to protest the lack of flour and salt in the Confederacy.
 * 1863** Women rioted in Salisbury, North Carolina, to protest the lack of flour and salt in the Confederacy.
 * 1863** THE RICHMOND BREAD RIOTS. Shortages of food caused hundreds of angry women gathered in Richmond, Virginia to march on the governor's office and then on the government commissary to demand bread. It ended in a riot when they broke into the commissary and then other shops & buildings and carried out anything they could carry. Even the hospital reported losing over 300 pounds of beef. Arrests were made, but at the request of authorities, the newspapers downplayed the incident, and records were later destroyed when the Confederate government fled and burned much of the town behind them.
 * 1863** Curtis Fletcher Marbut was born. American geologist and one of the founders of modern soil science. He was with the U.S. Bureau of Soils for 25 years.
 * 1863** Abraham Lincoln declared that Thanksgiving Day would be an annual event celebrated on the last Thursday in November.
 * 1863** J.T. Alden was issued a patent for an improved method of manufacturing dried yeast.
 * 1863** Leo Hendrik Baekeland was born. He was a chemist who invented Bakelite, the first plastic that did not soften when heated. Those black plastic knobs on stoves were made of bakelite.
 * 1863** Thanksgiving was first celebrated as a regular American Holiday.
 * 1863** Richard Warren Sears was born. He developed his mail-order jewelry business (1886) into the Sears Roebuck & Company. By 1894 the Sears catalog was 507 pages.
 * 1863** Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought the Amsterdam brewery, 'The Haystack', which dated back to 1592. This was the beginning of Heineken beer.
 * 1863** Frederick Walton of London patented Linoleum. The standard kitchen flooring.
 * 1863** Granula, probably the first breakfast cereal is introduced. It was created by Dr. James C. Jackson of Dansville, N.Y.
 * 1863** US Department of Agriculture created Massachusetts Agricultural College (University of Massachusetts)
 * 1864** Work began on a 2 mile long, 5 foot diameter, water supply tunnel for Chicago. It was completed in 1867.
 * 1864** John Jacob Astor IV born. Great grandson of John Jacob Astor, who founded the family fortune. John Jacob IV built the Astoria section of what would become the Waldorf Astoria Hotel (1897) in New York city (this was on the site where the Empire State building would be built in 1929). He also built the Knickerbocker and the St. Regis hotels. He died on the Titanic.
 * 1864** Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was born. French artist who documented Parisian night life in the 1890s with his insightful posters.
 * 1864** John Fowler died. An English Engineer, he invented the steam-hauled plow and several other special use plows.
 * 1864** or 1861 George Washington Carver was Born. African American botanist, educator, agricultural chemist and innovator. He developed hundreds of uses for peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes. He established the George Washington Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee, for agricultural research.
 * 1865** A horse meat banquet is held at the Grand Hotel in Paris.
 * 1865** Cornell University was chartered. Cornell is an agricultural land grant university endowed by Ezra Cornell, one of the founders of Western Union Telegraph Co. Today, Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, offers many programs, including Agricultural and Life Sciences, Hotel Administration, and Nutritional Sciences.
 * 1865** Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Jane Cochran) was born. In 1889 Bly successfully completed an attempt to beat the record of Jules Verne's fictional Phileas Fogg to go **'Around the World in Eighty Days'**. Bly was a U.S. newspaper reporter and completed the journey in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes and 14 seconds.
 * 1865** Edmund Ruffin died. He was a pioneer in the study of soil chemistry in the U.S.
 * 1865** William Sheppard of New York City received a patent for liquid soap.
 * 1865** Prosper Montagne was born.Montagne was one of the great French chefs of all time. He is mainly remembered as the creator of **Larousse Gastronomique** (1938), a comprehensive encyclopedia of French gastronomy.
 * 1865** James H. Mason received the first U.S. patent for a coffee percolator.
 * 1866** Charles Elmer Hires invents root beer.
 * 1866** Eighteen year old Jack Newton Daniel established his distillery in Tennessee.
 * 1866** The indelible pencil is patented by Edson P. Clark of Northhampton, Massachusetts. This was the equivalent of the ball point pen of the time. It was non-erasable, and you didn’t need an ink well. Used for bills, prices, etc., you could also place a damp sheet of tissue paper over the writing to get a mirror image. It must have been time consuming to get a receipt from a restaurant.
 * 1866** Beatrix Potter was born. English author of children's books, her first and most famous story is **'The Tale of Peter Rabbit,'** originally written as an illustrated letter to a sick child.
 * 1866** The metric system was authorized to standardize weights and measures in the U.S. (Authorized, yes, but we still don't use it very much).
 * 1866** J. Osterhoudt patented the first tin can with a key opener.
 * 1866** The 2 mile long, 5 foot diameter Chicago Lake Tunnel was completed. It was the first water supply tunnel for a U.S. city.
 * 1866** Gregor (Johann) Mendel published his work on the laws of heredity. Mendel was an Austrian botanist whose work was the foundation of the science of genetics. He worked mainly with garden peas (some 28,000 plants over 7 years).
 * 1867** Patrons of Husbandry, later known as the National Grange, was organized by USDA employee. This was the first general farmers organization to permit women equality of membership and privilege.
 * 1867** The Kansas Pacific Railroad reached Abilene, Kansas. Cattle drives from Texas begin.
 * 1867** Lillian D. Wald was born. She was a scientist and nurse, and among her activities, she helped initiate the enactment of pure food laws in the U.S.
 * 1867** Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge died. A German chemist who developed a method for obtaining sugar from beet juice.
 * 1867** The 2 mile long, 5 foot diameter Chicago Lake Tunnel was activated. It was the first water supply tunnel for a U.S. city.
 * 1867** At the Cafe Anglais Chef Adolphe Duglere served the famous 'Dinner of the Three Emperors,' for Tsar Alexander II of Russia, his son (later to become tsar Alexander III) and King William I of Prussia. The table service used for the dinner is still on display at the oldest existing restaurant in Paris, La Tour d'Argent.
 * 1867** Barbed wire was patented by Lucien B Smith of Kent, Ohio
 * 1867** Reinforced concrete was patented by F. Joseph Monier. He was a Paris gardener, and developed reinforced concrete to use in garden tubs, beams and posts.
 * 1867** Harvard School of Dental Medicine was founded in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the first dental school in the U.S.
 * 1867** Charles Francis Jenkins was born. An inventor who is best known as an early television pioneer. Among his many inventions was a cone-shaped drinking cup.
 * 1867** Maximilian Bircher-Benner was born. He was a Swiss doctor who developed the cereal product 'Muesli,' which is similar to Granola.
 * 1867** Leon Daudet was born. French journalist and novelist, well known gastronome of his time.
 * 1867** J.B. Sutherland patented the refrigerated railroad car.
 * 1867** Joseph C. Gayetty of New York City supposedly invented toilet paper in 1857.
 * 1868** William Davis, a Detroit, Michigan fish dealer, received a patent for a refrigerator car ('ice box on wheels'). He also designed the first refrigerated railway car.
 * 1868** Charles Darwin's **'Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication.'** was published.
 * 1868** C.H. Gould of Birminghom, England patented a stapler. (Countless staplers have been patented).
 * 1868** Kit Carson, American frontiersman, died. His last words were supposedly "Wish I had time for just one more bowl of chili."
 * 1868** Christopher Nathan Sholes of Wisconsin patented a mechanical writing machine, called a type-writer. It was as large as a desk, made of black walnut and had black and white keys. He signed a deal with the Remington Arms company for its manufacture in 1873. It was Remington who turned it into a more practical machine. Chefs could now type their recipes so others could read them. (Only Doctors have more illegible handwriting than Chefs).
 * 1869** The first batch of Tabasco Sauce was shipped from Avery Island, Louisiana.
 * 1869** The removable steel plow blade is invented by James Oliver.
 * 1869** John Wesley Hyatt patented celluloid, the first synthetic plastic.
 * 1869** David Grandison Fairchild was born. An American botanist and agriculturalist, he was responsible for introducing many useful plants to the U.S. Author of **'The World Was My Garden,'** and **'Exploring for Plants'.**
 * 1869** The first American patent for a sweeping machine was issued to Ives W. McGaffney of Chicago.
 * 1869** Charles Elmer Hires sells his first root beer, in Philadelphia.
 * 1869** Frozen food was shipped long distance for the first time. Frozen Texas beef shipped by steamship to New Orleans.
 * 1869** Joseph Dixon died. An American inventor and manufacturer. Among his many accomplishments, he produced the first pencil made in the U.S.
 * 1869** Agoston Haraszthy de Mokcsa died. Agoston Haraszthy de Mokcsa imported 1,400 varieties of grapevines to California in 1862 and planted the first large vineyard in California in the Sonoma Valley. After the devastating phylloxera blight decimated the European vineyards, some of these same vines, now on resistant American root stock, helped rescue the European vineyards.
 * 1869** Henry Tibbe invented the corncob pipe. The pipe was made from a white kernel corn that was used to make taco and tortilla flour. (But can you roll a cigar with a taco wrapper?)
 * 1869** Hippolyte Mege Mouries patented margarine. Emperor Napoleon III had offered a prize for a suitable substitute for butter, for use by the French Navy.
 * 1869** Cornelius Swarthout received the first U.S. patent for a waffle Iron.
 * 1869** Mary Mallon was born. 'Typhoid Mary' was an infamous household cook who was responsible for major outbreaks of typhoid in the New York City area in 1904, 1907, and 1914. She was immune to typhoid herself, but was a carrier of the bacillus, and spread it wherever she worked as a household cook.
 * 1869** The Suez Canal opened, linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.
 * 1869** The 3 masted clipper ship 'Cutty Sark' was launched at Dunbarton, Scotland. It was one of the last to be built and is the only one surviving today. It is 212 feet long and 36 feet wide. It was initially used in the English/Chinese tea trade. Fully restored in 1957, it is in dry berth in Greenwich, London as a sailing museum.
 * 1869** William Finley Semple patented the first chewing gum, although he never commercially manufactured any gum.
 * 1869** Joseph Campbell, a fruit merchant, and Abram Anderson, an icbox maker got together to can tomatoes, vegetables, fruit preserves, etc. This was the beginning of the Campbell Soup Company.
 * 1869** Beer was first sold in bottles by English brewer Francis Manning-Needham. ||